Java 1996 August/Java - Summer 1996.iso/Linux/HOWTO/java-linux-HOWTO.2.0.sgml

SGML Document | 1996-01-22 | 31KB

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<article>

<title>Java on Linux HOWTO
<author>maintained by Eric S. Raymond,
<htmlurl url="mailto:[e-mail]" name="<[e-mail]>">
<date>v.2.0, 20 Jan 1996

<abstract>
This document describes how to get started with Java and HotJava under
Linux, as either a user or a programmer.
</abstract>

<toc>

<sect>Introduction
<p>
This document is a Linux-centric introduction to the world of Java and
HotJava.  These technologies are rapidly evolving, and we welcome
contributions from anywhere.
<p>
Places in this document that are in serious need of checking or filling out
are bracketed with *** ***.  Also see the <ref id="needed" name="To Be
Added..."> section below.  Please help us improve this HOWTO.  Send updates
and change requests to
<htmlurl url="mailto:[e-mail]" name="<[e-mail]>">.
</sect>

<sect> General Questions About Java and HotJava
<p>
This section is a general (non-Linux-specific) introduction to Java and
HotJava.

<sect1> What are are Java and HotJava and why are they interesting?
<p>
Java is a network-aware language superficially resembling C++, but much
smaller and more compact and cleanly designed.  It's an unlimited-extent
language with garbage collection like Lisp, but with static type checking
(it's been aptly described as "Smalltalk with sane syntax").  It includes
lightweight processes (threads) as a native facility and has powerful
network-security features.  So far, its major application is the HotJava
browser, but it holds considerable promise as a general-purpose application
language.

HotJava is a WWW browser written in Java.  Its major advance over
other browsers is that it knows about a new HTML construct called an
APPLET, which is some Java class that executes on the client machine.
Thus, WWW documents written with Java in mind can have "live" code
objects embedded in them, as opposed to just data.

The ability to safely pass around code objects probably represents the most
significant advance in WWW technology since the first release of Mosaic.
At minimum, it delivers an extensible Web browser that won't need
perpetual upgrading to handle new image formats and tag types.
</sect1>

<sect1> Where do Java and HotJava come from?  Who can use them?
<p>
Java and HotJava were developed at Sun Microsystems by a team headed
by James Gosling (well known as the designer of Gosling Emacs and
NeWS).

The last time Sun tried to set a major technical standard was NeWS,
its Network Window System.  Though NeWS was pretty universally
conceded to be technically superior to X, X won because its sources
were freely redistributable.  Sun learned from this mistake, and has
made Java/HotJava much more generally available; the sources can be
downloaded under a fairly relaxed license (see <ref id="license"
name="Java as Freely Redistributable Software">).  Sun is
encouraging ports to non-Sun environments.

Netscape now interprets Java.  Microsoft licensed the technology in
early December 1995.  So it appears that Java support will probably
become universal in 1996.

Java used to be called Oak.  HotJava was once known as WebRunner.
</sect1>

<sect1> How mature is Java?
<p>
On December 12 1995 Sun released the `Beta 2' version of Java.  The Java
environment API defining its access to the host OS and windowing system has
allegedly been semi-frozen -- it may be extended, but won't be incompatibly
changed.

The 1.0 version of this FAQ is being issued along with the beta 1.0
Java Developer's Kit (JDK) for Linux, ported by Randy Chapman.

Significant holes are known to exist in the Java security
implementation.  It is not yet a good idea to use Java for sensitive
applications.  These problems are expected to be fixed in the production
(post-beta) releases.
</sect1>

<sect1> Where can I find documentation on Java and HotJava?
<p>
Sun maintains an extensive HTML web of Java and HotJava-related
documents at <url url="http://java.sun.com">.  These documents are
mirrored at <url url="http://java.blackdown.com"> and elsewhere; see
Sun's list of mirror sites.
</sect1>

<sect1>Yes, but where can I find paper documentation?
<p>
SunSoft Press's official series of Java books is in the production pipeline at
Addison-Wesley.  Some details about these can be found in the
<url url="http://www.city-net.com/~krom/java-faq.html"
name="comp.lang.java FAQ">.

Several Java early-adopters have recommended "Hooked on Java" by the
members of the Java team.  "Well written, though I'd appreciate something
less basic" was one comment.

O'Reilly Associates is working on its own series of Java books in
cooperation with Sun.  These will include (at least) a
"Nutshell Guide To Java", a language reference, a class library
reference, and a book on the underlying byte-code virtual machine.
(Full-disclosure statement: Your HOWTO editor has been invited by
O'Reilly Associates to serve as primary technical reviewer for this
series, and is being paid for that work.)

SAMS has a book called "Learning Java in 21 Days".  No revieww yet.

One of our contributors, browsing his local Bookstop/Barnes \&
Noble/Borders, came up with 3 books already out:
<itemize>
    <item>One called 'Java in 60 minutes' that looked like a pretty
        strict syntactic description (about \$20).
    <item>One from SamsNet called just `Java' (about \$20).
    <item>One by Tim Ritchey called `Java!' that includes a
        CD-ROM (about \$35).
</itemize>
Our informant continues: "I bought the 3rd one (by Tim Ritchey). Paper
leadtimes being what they are, the CD-ROM only has alpha stuff, though it
mentions that the beta version might be out by the time you read it and
suggests java.sun.com as a place to get more recent information.  Other
than that, it's pretty good, even to pointing out that `well, it's
pointless for me to spam you with pages and pages of API descriptions
because 1) it would quadruple the size of the book and 20 they're still ch
anging and 2) you can get that info online at ...etc'"

Dave Dittrich writes: I'd say that "Java in 60 minutes" may take you 60
minutes to read, but won't teach you how to program in Java in 60 minutes
(surprise, surprise!)  It looks to me like "Java in 60 minutes" is one of
the many attempts be first to market with a book on a hot topic.  It didn't
seem to include much more than you can find right now on the Web, including
lots of text that looks like it was lifted straight out of the Java
Language Specification (http://java.sun.com/JDK-beta2/psfiles/javaspec.ps).

Dave continues: Same thing with "Java!", only the latter goes into much
more detail on object oriented programming concepts, etc.  Someone pointed
me to another text book that is equally as good at covering data/method
abstraction and other object oriented programming concepts, which is
"Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs" by Abelson, Sussman and
Sussman (MIT Press).

Final caveat: at this point (January 1996), it is probly a good idea to
stay away from the Ritchey book or anything else based on the alpha API.
The beta API is substantially different, and the soon-to-be-released Java
1.0 will have its own differences.
</sect1>

<sect1> Where can I find on-line collections of Java code?
<p>
WWW archives of applets are available at the following locations:
<itemize>
    <item><url url="http://java.sun.com/">
    <item><url url="http://www.applets.com/">
    <item><url url="http://www.gamelan.com/">
    <item><url url="http://www.javasoft.com/applets/applets.html">
</itemize>
Most of the applets on these pages come with source code, and programmers
are invited to use them.

Pointers to others may be available in the
<url url="http://www.city-net.com/~krom/java-faq.html"
name="comp.lang.java FAQ">.
</sect1>
</sect>

<sect> Java as Freely Redistributable Software <label id="license">
<p>
Many Linux programmers are attached to producing freely redistributable
software (FRS), and try to avoid committing a lot of time to tools for
which sources are not generally available.  In this section, we discuss
Sun's and Java's relationship with the FRS world.

(Warning: I am not a lawyer.  I am neither employed by, nor an agent of,
nor a stockholder in, Sun Microsystems.  This section is based on my
interpretation of the current copyright law and the Sun licensing language.
Treat this as an introduction; the Sun licensing page, <url
url="http://www.blackdown.org/Java/licensing.html"> is definitive. If you are
in serious doubt about what it means, consult an attorney.)

<sect1> Are Java programs and applets freely redistributable?
<p>
They are if you write them and choose to make them FRS through some
mechanism (such as the GPL, or a BSD-style license, or declaring them
public domain).

<sect1> What can I do with Java implementation binaries?
<p>
The Sun licensing page has this to say:
<quote>
The unmodified Java and HotJava binary releases may be redistributed free
of charge in both commercial and non-commercial applications.
</quote>
Also:
<quote>
Companies or individuals who wish to create a new port of the Java
language have the right under this agreement to post the binaries
of that port to the Internet for use by others, as long as the
port is free of charge and passes the publicly available test
suites. (Test suites will be available sometime in the first half
of 1996.) The "diffs" may also be posted on the web as long as the
underlying source code is not posted. The Java source code is
</quote>
So if you've got a working Java or HotJava binary, you can give it to your
buddies.  Or put it on a CD-ROM.  Or do anything except patch it and
represent the patched version as Java.  (This is reasonable.  Sun obviously
can't leave itself without recourse against Trojan horses sailing under the
Java banner.)  Binaries are FRS.
</sect1>

<sect1> Which parts of the Java sources are freely redistributable?
<p>
According to Sun's licensing page, none of it is.  But that sounds harsher
than it is.  In practice, anyone can get the Java and HotJava sources for
educational, porting, and non-commercial purposes by filling out a Web form
which obligates them not to redistribute the sources.  And the agreement
<em/does/ permit redistribution of diffs against the sources.

The only circumstance that requires you to sign a commercial license with
Sun and pay them money is if you want to use the sources in a commercial
product.  In particular, the way the language is written, it's within the
letter and spirit of the agreement for you to sign Sun's noncommercial
source license, snarf the source, port it, and give away the resulting
binaries as completely unencumbered freeware!

Sun says that its primary purpose in keeping as much control as it has
is to keep the language from mutating into incompatible dialects.  The
license language supports this; it seems to have been designed to allow
hackers to play for free.
</sect1>

<sect1> What is Sun's attitude towards FRS Java implementations and tools?
<p>
The Sun licensing page says:
<quote>
The specifications for the Java Language and the Java Virtual Machine are
OPEN and are copyrighted by Sun Microsystems, Inc.
</quote>
<quote>
Reimplementations of the Java Compiler or the Java Runtime Interpreter
are permitted without requiring a license from Sun provided such
implementations are created directly from the published specifications
and without the direct or indirect use of Sun's own implementations or
other intellectual property rights, including trademarks.
</quote>
So if you want to go to the effort of creating a Java clone from the
published specifications that is FRS, Sun won't stop you.
<p>
Sun people use the term "rogue port" for Java implementations that either
(a) are performed outside Sun, or (b) don't rely on Sun-licensed code
(sometimes the term seems to mean one thing, sometimes the other).  They
seem to think some of these already exist, but we don't know where they
are, nor if they are FRS.  They're pretty relaxed about the situation.
<p>
Sun has a Java validation suite.  They have said they'll certify any Java
port that passes it.  (Whether this validation will cost money is unknown,
but Sun says in writing that the suite wil be "publicly available" in 1996,
which at least hints that it will not.) They're prepared to certify rogue
ports, though this apparently hasn't happened yet.
</sect1>

<sect1> Is anyone cloning Java in freely redistributable source?
<p>
There is a clone of the Java compiler in early development.  It's
called guavac.  You can find more information at
<url url="http://http.cs.berkeley.edu/~engberg/guavac">

There is a rumor afloat that Cygnus Software's GROW project has plans for
a Java byte code interpreter to be issued under GPL.  However, they haven't yet
responded to a query about this.  You can get details on the GROW project at
<url url="http://www.cygnus.com/tiemann/grow/">.

Erik Troan of Red Hat is attempting to put together a development group to
do the rest of the job.  Right now it looks like Erik will do the class
library and your humble editor will do the byte-code interpreter (if Cygnus
hasn't gotten there first).  This project has been tentatively named
"Mr. Coffee".  Your editor would now prefer to call it "joe" (for Java Open
to Everyone) but that name is taken.

<sect1> Are there any FRS Java Tools?
<p>
There is a GNU Emacs mode for editing Java.  You can fetch it from
<url url="ftp://java.sun.com/pub/java/contrib/emacs">.  Note: this
mode assumes you're using c++-mode.el, and won't work with the cc-mode.el
distributed with Emacs 19.
</sect1>
</sect>

<sect> Java On Linux Questions
<p>
Here you can learn the nuts and bolts of getting Java running on your Linux.

<sect1> Are Java and HotJava included in any of the Linux distributions?
<p>
No, not yet, but expect it any week now.
</sect1>

<sect1> How can I get the latest Java distribution for Linux?
<p>
Look in <url url="ftp://java.blackdown.org/pub/Java/linux">.  The latest
Java-for-Linux can be downloaded from there.  You should browse
the <url url="ftp://java.blackdown.org/pub/Java/linux/README"> first.

The files you'll need are linux.jdk.common.tar.gz and one of either
linux.jdk.x86-static-motif-bin.tar.gz ot linux.jdk.x86-shared-motif-bin.tar.gz,
depending on whether you have Motif shared libraries on your system.

This port (from the Sun sources by Randy Chapman) is the one that's referred to
(as the JDK) elsewhere in this HOWTO.
</sect1>

<sect1> What environment will I need to run Java?
<p>
For starters, you need an ELF-based Linux.  There is no a.out support,
and at the speed the Linux world is switching over to ELF there is not
likely to be any in the future.
<p>
You need a 1.2.13 or later kernel.  Kernels 1.2.12 and older seem to have a
bug in getcwd(3) that tanks bin/javac because it doesn't check the
getcwd(3) return code.
<p>
You'll need these pieces:

<itemize>
    <item>libc.so.5 => /lib/libc.so.5.2.16 &nl
        (The standard C library)

    <item>libX11.so.6 => /usr/X11/lib/libX11.so.6.0 &nl
        (The base X11R6 library)

    <item>libXt.so.6 => /usr/X11/lib/libXt.so.6.0 &nl
        (The Athena toolkit library)

    <item>libXext.so.6 => /usr/X11/lib/libXext.so.6.0 &nl
        (The X extensions library)

    <item>libXpm.so.4 => /usr/X11/lib/libXpm.so.4.3  &nl
        (The X library for pixmap handling.)

    <item>libdl.so.1 => /lib/libdl.so.1.7.9 &nl
        (Linux dynamic-loader support)
</itemize>
The C and X support libraries may be in your Linux already.
<p>
If you don't already have it, get libc.5.2.16.bin.tar.gz from
<url url="ftp://tsx-11.mit.edu/pub/linux/packages/GCC/">.
Uncompress and untar and copy the files in the lib subdirectory
of the top level of the hierarchy to /lib.

If you don't have a current version of ld.so (or libdl.so.1.7.*) you
will need to update. ld.so.1.7.9 and .11 will work; .10 and other early
versions will not. Get ld-so.1.7.11.tar.gz from
<url url="ftp://ftp.ods.com/linux/">;
Uncompress and untar it and run <em/instldso.sh/ which is
in the top level of the resulting hierarchy.

You can get an Xpm library that will work from
<url url="ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/libs/X/libXpm.3.4f-ELF.tar.gz">.
</sect1>

<sect1> Do I need Netscape?  Can I use Netscape?
<p>
Yes, you need Netscape.  HotJava isn't yet available for the beta release.
Randy Chapman says:
<quote>
Sun massively changed the awt interface when they shipped the
beta JDK and have not yet converted HotJava to it.  They have promised
they will, and it should work great with linux-jdk when they release it.
</quote>
It's unknown when this will happen.
<p>
Netscape versions starting from 2.0b3 is Java-aware.
It is available at ftp[1-7].netscape.com (i.e. at ftp1.netscape.com,
ftp2.netscape.com,... etc.)  Version 2.0b4 will allow you to read applets from file: URLs,
2.0b3 didn't.  This should be a big help for folks with small-memory
machines (they don't need an httpd running).

The file to get is
/2.0b4/unix/netscape-v20b4-export.i486-unknown-linux.tar.Z.
<p>
Note that Netscape 2.0b3 or 4 will run on an a.out system, so it is, in theory,
possible to write your java app, give it to someone else to compile (like
maybe the <url url="http://mars.blackstar.com" name="BlackStar Public
Compiler">), and see the output on your system.  If you want more than
that, get an ELF system.

Make sure CLASSPATH is <em/not/ set before running netscape; having
it set seems to crash Netscape, and if you follow the directions below it
won't need tweaking.

The Linux Netscape port has a few known problems.  It doesn't do sound.
Only 8-bit displays work; 16bpp displays yield crashes.  The 2.0b3 version
occasionally yields bus errors when caling the dispose method for frames.
While it's pretty robust otherwise, Gamelan's `Impressionism' applet is
known to crash it.
</sect1>

<sect1> What mailing lists or newsgroups exist for supporting Java on Linux?
<p>
<itemize>
<item><em/java-linux/ (Maintained by [e-mail])
        Discussions and developments concerning the port of Java to the
        Linux operating system. Email to
    <htmlurl url="mailto:[e-mail]"
        name="[e-mail]">
    with the word `subscribe' in the subject to be added to the list.
<item><em/java-linux-announce/ (Maintained by [e-mail])
    Moderated list for announcements concerning the Java-Linux
    porting projects. Please send e-mail to
    <htmlurl url="mailto:[e-mail]"
        name="[e-mail]">
    with the word subscribe in the subject, to be added to the list.
<item><htmlurl url="news:comp.lang.java" name="comp.lang.java">
    Newsgroup for general Java discussion.
<item><htmlurl url="news:alt.www.hotjava" name="alt.www.hotjava">
    Newsgroup for discussion of the HotJava browser.
</itemize>
</sect1>
</sect>

<sect> Building the Linux Java port on stock Linuxes
<p>
In this section, we collect recipes sent to us for building Randy Chapman's
Java port on various current Linux distributions:

<sect1> Slackware distribution ELF kernel 1.2.13.
<p>
John Franks <[e-mail]> writes that he succeeded with the
following steps:

<itemize>
    <item>Get linux-x86.jdk.pre2.static-motif.tar.gz from
        <url url="ftp://www.blackdown.org/pub/Java/linux/">
        and uncompress it and untar it.  (The filenames you must fetch
        have changes for the 1.0 beta JDK.)

    <item>Get libc.5.2.16.bin.tar.gz (binary distribution, not source) from
        <url url="ftp://tsx-11.mit.edu/pub/linux/packages/GCC/">
        Uncompress and untar and copy the files in the lib subdirectory
        of the top level of the hierarchy to /lib.  Make sure
        that /lib/libc.so.5 is a symlink to this file.

    <item>Get ld-so.1.7.11.tar.gz from ftp://ftp.ods.com/linux/
        Uncompress and untar it and run "instldso.sh" which is
        in the top level of the resulting hierarchy.
</itemize>
You should now be able to compile and try the "hello world" program
and applet from Sun following the instructions at <url
url="http://java.sun.com/progGuide/index.html">.
</sect1>

<sect1> RedHat 2.1/Caldera Preview 2
<p>
Steve Greene <[e-mail]> reports success doing
the following steps.  I have edited the recipe slightly, so blame any
mistakes on me.  The `JDK' he refers to is the Chapman port of the
Java Developer's Kit.

<itemize>
    <item>From a Red Hat mirror site, get the rpm available for
        ld.so.1.7.11.  To find it, check any RedHat mirror site for:

        /pub/mirrors/redhat-2.1/updates/RPMS/ld.so-1.7.11-i386.rpm

        I know it is available at ftp.pht.com, ftp.caldera.com. and is
        probably at the other RedHat mirrors as well.  Grab it, and
        do `rpm -Uvh ld.so-1.7.11-1.i386.rpm' on your system.

    <item>Red Hat 2.0 and Caldera Preview 2 users may need the `which'
        program (it's called by some of the scripts in the JDK).
        An rpm file for `which' is available at the usual Red Hat
        mirror sites as part of the Red Hat 2.1 distribution files.
        Get and install which-1.0.i386.rpm.  RedHat 2.1 users
        should already have which on their system or available
        within their original distribution.

    <item> Get the tar file(s) for the statically-linked JDK.
        Untar it from a convenient point.  I put mine in
        /usr/local, so the untar creates /usr/local/java/....

    <item> So you can run java as someone other than root (this is a
        good idea!), do `chmod 666 /dev/zero'.   Red Hat and Caldera
        have the wrong permissions set on this device out of the box.

    <item> If you haven't already, run ldconfig as root to load the new
        libraries.  If you do "ldconfig -v"  you can verify you have
        all the libraries loaded.  (At least we don't have to build
        an ELF system first!)

    <item> Make sure you're logged in as a user (e.g. non-root).  Start X-
        windows, open an X-Term, and try something!
</itemize>
</sect1>

<sect1> Unifix
<p>
Stefan Middendorf writes: Unifix is a popular German-language Linux
distribution. There are a few distributions based on it: Linux Universe,
sold in USA, Linux 4U, currently only distributed in Germany and Linux FT
in Britain.  This recipe is known to work for Unifix 1.7, Linux 4U 1st
Edition, Linux Universe 2nd Edition, and Linux FT 1.1.

<itemize>
<item>Put linux-x86.jdk.pre2.static-motif.tar.gz from
    <url url="ftp://www.blackdown.org/pub/Java/linux/">
    in /usr/local and uncompress it and untar it.

<item>Change the first line of the script .java_wrapper
      from PRG=`which \$0` >/dev/null 2>\&1 to

    PRG=`type \$0 | cut -d ' ' -f 3` >/dev/null 2>\&1

<item>Get libc-5.2.18.bin.tar.gz (I succeeded with libc-5.2.16.bin.tar.gz,
    too), extract and uncompress it in the / drectory.

<item>Get ld-so.1.7.12.tar.gz from tsx-11.mit.edu (or any mirror site)
    and uncompress and untar it, e.g. in /usr/local.  Change to the
    resulting directory and run instldso.sh. This will also run ldconfig.
    Probably newer versions of ld-so will work too.

<item>Add /usr/local/java/bin to the PATH environment variable.

<item>Get netscape-v20b4-export.i486-unknown-linux.tar.Z,
    extract and uncompress it in /usr/local/<yourNetscapeDir>.

<item>Create a Link in /usr/local/bin to ../<yourNetscapeDir>/netscape.

<item>Put /usr/local/<yourNetscapeDir>/moz2_0.zip in /usr/local/lib/netscape/.
</itemize>

As an alternative to changing your PATH, Ralf Strobel suggests:

<itemize>
<item> Copy the scripts .java_wrapper and appletviewer and the links @java
@javac, @javadoc, @javap, and @jdb from /usr/local/java/bin to /usr/local/bin
and you can use them wherever you are.

<item>In /java/bin/i586 you can add a script called `javadoc`

    #!/bin/sh
    `dirname \$0`/java sun.tools.javadoc.Main -d <yourhtmldir> \$*

    where if you are user jrandom, <yourhtmldir> would be
    ~jrandom/.java-html.
</itemize>
</sect1>
</sect>

<sect> Viewing Applets
<p>
To run a demo without going through the applet viewer, you can enter this
command from the top of my Java directory tree (/usr/local/java on most
systems):

     bin/java sun.applet.AppletViewer demo/<directory_name>/exampleN.html

where <directory name> is the subdirectory off demo, and N is the
number of the example file (some directories have more than one).

Steve Greene says: I've started the tutorials available from Sun's java
site and the similar one put out by the NTMUG.  I've discovered some
problems with the syntax in Sun's tutorial, so I've been following the
NYMUG tutorial instead for now.

The appletviewer expects as an argument, an html file with an
APPLET tag inside it.

For example, if your html file Hello.html looks like:

<tscreen><verb>
   <HTML>
   <HEAD>
   <TITLE> Hello test program &etago;TITLE>
   < /HEAD>
   <BODY>
   This is an appletviewer test
   <APPLET CODE="Hello1.class" WIDTH=150 HEIGHT=25>
   < /APPLET>
   < /BODY>
   < /HTML>
</verb></tscreen>
(If you see "< /" in the above, ignore the space.  It's a workaround for
a formatter bug.)

Running "appletviewer Hello.html" will show you the applet. One advantage
of using the appletviewer is that events sent to the applet (start(),
init(), etc) are in compliance with Sun specs as opposed to Netscape
2.0b4 (probably a bug in Netscape).

A disadvantage of using the appletviewer is that it is much more slower
than Netscape.

The first time you run Java, a license screen resembling Netscape's will be
displayed.
</sect>

<sect> Notes on Known Problems
<p>
<sect1> GNU Make breaks after I install Java
<p>
Recent versions of libc fix a bug which masked a bug in GNU Make (the
symptom is that make doesn't look in Makefile for rules).  The libc 5.2.8
release notes give a patch to make that fixes the problem.
</sect1>

<sect1> You get `dirname: too many arguments' errors
<p>
Your CLASSPATH variable is not correctly initialized.
In .java_wrapper, there is code akin to the follwing:

<tscreen><verb>
   PRG=`which $0`
   J_HOME=`dirname $PRG`/..
</verb></tscreen>

Unfortunately, linux's standalone which command is hideously broken, and
certain shells will set \$0 to the full pathname.  Randy Chapman says the
fix is either to use:

<tscreen><verb>
    J_HOME=`dirname $0`/..
</verb></tscreen>
Or, safer:

<tscreen><verb>
    J_HOME=/usr/local/java
</verb></tscreen>
An alternate fix from Dave Dittrich is:

<tscreen><verb>
    PRG=`csh -c "which $0"`
</verb></tscreen>
And another one from Tim Farnum is to change the PRG=`which \$0` line to

<tscreen><verb>
    PRG=\$0
</verb></tscreen>
Lutz Behnke suggests:

<tscreen><verb>
    PRG=`type -path $0` >/dev/null 2>\&1
</verb></tscreen>
A similar change also needs to be made to the appletviewer script.
</sect1>

<sect1> You get `cannot find class java/lang/Thread' errors
<p>
Your CLASSPATH variable is not correctly initialized.
See above.
</sect1>

<sect1> An error message refers to /dev/zero
<p>
Go root and do `chmod 666 /dev/zero'.
</sect1>

<sect1> SEGFAULT
<p>
Occasionally, you may get a screen full of error messages, and the system
cheerfully fills up your swap space and locks-up.

You're probably missing a library someplace.  Rerun ldconfig -v and
see what's missing. Perhaps LD_LIBRARY_PATH or CLASS_PATH is not set.
Finally, some applets are buggy or lock up the Linux JDK.

(BTW, you can stop the lock-up by having another Xterm open
with top running; use top to kill the java process BEFORE it
fills up swap and hangs your system!)

Java seems to want lots of resources, so I'd keep the number of
running/open apps on my desktop to a minimum.  It will load on
a 486DX-2-75 with 8 Mbytes RAM and 16 Mbytes swap (it'll take a
minute, though).  I was able to get two animation applets running
simultaneously (sort of) before my system ran out of swap space
and hung.
</sect1>

<sect1> bin/java, bin/javac, or bin/appletviewer gives you a help screen
<p>
You left out some command-line parameter.
</sect1>

<sect1> Applets show in the viewer but not when put on a web server
<p>
A common error which causes these results is failing to get the MIME type
of the applet correct.  Your server should send a header with the applet
indicating that its MIME type is "text/plain", "application/octet-stream",
or some other type that doesn't have a defined special handler on the
client side.  How you arrange this depends on which server you are
using. (John Franks)

It's also been alleged that tinyhttpd, an HTTP server written in Perl,
returns a bad content type.  Apache, OTOH, is pretty reliable.
</sect1>

<sect1> Problem Logging
<p>
Joey Oravec tells us that HotJava keeps a log of what it does and
any problems in encounters. If you're up to diagnosing something yourself,
look at \$HOME/.hotjava/weblog in the user's home directory.  That file will
make it more obvious if you're perhaps missing a library or something.
</sect1>
</sect>

<sect> Related Resources
<p>
For general information on Java, there is a FAQ maintained on the
<htmlurl url="news:comp.lang.java" name="comp.lang.java">
newsgroup; it is available at
<url url="http://www.city-net.com/~krom/java-faq.html">.
<p>
There is an older FAQ-style document by Joey Oravec
<url url="mailto:[e-mail]" name="[e-mail]">
which primarily refers to the alpha release.  You can find it at
<url url="http://www.science.wayne.edu/~joey/java/linux.html">.  At some
point these documents may merge.
<p>
Here are some Java-related pages:

<itemize>
<url url="http://substance.blackdown.org/java-linux.html" name="Karl Asha's
General Linux Java Page">
<url url="http://homer.ncm.com/java-linux/" name="LinuxJava Mailing List">
<url url="http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/hiep/netjav.html" name="Netrek for Java">
<url url="http://cirrus.sprl.umich.edu/javaweather/" name="Blue-Skies for Java">
<url url="http://www.parnasse.com/java.shtml" name="Java Hints Page">
</itemize>
</sect>

<sect> To Be Added... <label id="needed">
<p>
<itemize>
<item> More recipes for specific Linux variants.
</itemize>
</sect>

<sect> Acknowledgements
<p>
Grateful acknowledgement is made to all contributors, including:
<itemize>
<item>John Franks <[e-mail]>
<item>Zachary DeAquila <[e-mail]>
<item>Steve Greene <[e-mail]>
<item>Dave Dittrich <[e-mail]>
<item>Dave Flanagan <[e-mail]>
<item>Joey Oravec <mailto:[e-mail]>
<item>Adam Smith <[e-mail]>
<item>Joe Buck <[e-mail]>
<item>Omar Loggiodice <[e-mail]>
<item>Stefan Middendorf <[e-mail]<
</itemize>

This version incorporates Steve Greene's rumored but never-published
Red Hat/Caldera mini-HOWTO.  I've also swiped some stuff I consider
useful off Joey Oravec's page -- special thanks to him.

For other HOWTOs and FAQs I maintain, see my home page at
<url url="http://www.locke.ccil.org/~esr/home.html">.
</sect>

</article>

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